The clearest ten-minute explanation of retrieval, ranking, and citation for non-engineers.
How AI Search Engines Work (Ahrefs AEO Course 1.1)
Ahrefs (Sam Oh) Dec 2025
Watch on YouTube youtube.com →Two separate systems are at work: the model's training data (slow to change, favours brands widely written about) and live retrieval, where the assistant runs web searches (ChatGPT leans on Bing's infrastructure) and cites pages it can extract cleanly. Citation studies show each engine has its own diet: Reddit and Wikipedia are heavy in ChatGPT, Perplexity rewards fresh structured pages, and Google's AI features pull from its normal index. The founding GEO research found that adding statistics, quotations, and clear structure lifts your odds of being cited by 30-40%.
20 resources.
The clearest ten-minute explanation of retrieval, ranking, and citation for non-engineers.
Ahrefs (Sam Oh) Dec 2025
Watch on YouTube youtube.com →Engine-by-engine differences in one sitting, so you optimize for the right one first.
Ahrefs (Sam Oh) Dec 2025
Watch on YouTube youtube.com →The Perplexity founder explains RAG and citations in his own words, straight from the source.
Lex Fridman Podcast / Aravind Srinivas Jun 2024
Listen on Spotify open.spotify.com →The peer-reviewed experiment that coined GEO and proved which content tweaks raise citation visibility 22-41%.
Aggarwal, Murahari et al. (Princeton & IIT Delhi) Jun 2024
Open arxiv.org →Large-scale evidence that mentions and citations are different things, and how each is earned.
Semrush Oct 2025
Open semrush.com →Shows even one assistant cites differently by mode, so you must test prompts, not assume.
Semrush Feb 2026
Open semrush.com →3.7M citations analyzed: 91% of cited URLs appear in only one engine, which changes your whole strategy.
Kevin Indig (Growth Memo) Feb 2026
Open growth-memo.com →A developer's technical teardown of Perplexity's multi-stage pipeline, from candidate pages to inline citations.
ZipTie.dev Sep 2025
Open ziptie.dev →Reputation specialists explain the authority and extractability signals engines reward.
Five Blocks Aug 2025
Open fiveblocks.com →Primary source on how ChatGPT rewrites queries and picks sources when it searches the web.
OpenAI Oct 2024
Open help.openai.com →Original research on 31k keywords showing what answer engines actually cite versus what ranks.
Graphite Jul 2025
Open graphite.io →A quarter-million responses analyzed to show where models' brand opinions actually come from.
Seer Interactive Nov 2025
Open seerinteractive.com →A plain-language walkthrough of the founding research if you skip the arXiv PDF.
The GEO Community Mar 2025
Open thegeocommunity.com →How the leading AI visibility platform frames retrieval, understanding, and citation mechanics.
Profound May 2025
Open tryprofound.com →Separates training-data representation from live retrieval, the distinction most founders miss.
UltraScout Jan 2026
Open ultrascout.ai →Digs into Perplexity's curated authority lists and freshness weighting.
Data Studios Nov 2025
Open datastudios.org →Actionable list of the signals that get a page through Perplexity's reranking filters.
Keyword.com Oct 2025
Open keyword.com →Connects the citation mechanics directly to brand tactics you can execute this quarter.
Sight AI Dec 2025
Open trysight.ai →Focused specifically on earning Perplexity citations, the engine most founders ignore.
Analyze AI Jan 2026
Open tryanalyze.ai →A living, community-vetted index of GEO research, tools, and guides to go deeper.
Amplifying AI (GitHub community) Aug 2025
Open github.com →The same ground, over in Brand, web & content, our Starting Up track.