Swimming With Sharks (Indian founder funding guide)

Why we picked it Most equity-split writing is American and ignores that India has no 83(b) election and its own sweat-equity rules. This chapter tells you to buy your founder shares at incorporation when face value is 10 rupees and FMV is nominal, because waiting means a higher FMV and a higher tax hit, which is the concrete Indian reason to split before you raise.

Co-Founder Equity Splits and Vesting (The Founder's Guide to Startup Funding: Protecting Your Interests in the Indian Ecosystem)

From Swimming With Sharks (Indian founder funding guide) by Swimming With Sharks 30 min read

• Split and issue founder shares at incorporation when FMV is nominal (10 rupee face value); delay raises FMV and your immediate tax.
• India has no 83(b) equivalent, so timing and paperwork matter differently than in US-centric advice.
• Section 54 sweat-equity shares carry heavy compliance (special resolution, valuation report, lock-in), so founders usually just take regular equity and keep cash separate.