Article

Andrej Karpathy on Software 3.0

Latent Space (swyx) · latent.space

The AI-engineering community's annotated read of the keynote.

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It answers 3 questions

  1. What actually is an AI agent, in plain language?
  2. What actually counts as vibe coding, and how is it different from serious AI-assisted engineering?
  3. Prompt engineering, RAG, or fine-tuning: which one does my product actually need?

Read with it

  1. Video Andrej Karpathy: Software Is Changing (Again) Y Combinator / Andrej Karpathy
  2. The definitive definition piece everyone else quotes. simonwillison.net Article Not all AI-assisted programming is vibe coding (but vibe coding rocks) Simon Willison
  3. How the line has blurred a year on, from the person who drew it. simonw.substack.com Article Vibe coding and agentic engineering are getting closer than I'd like Simon Willison
  4. The neutral, constantly updated record of the term and its debates. en.wikipedia.org Article Vibe coding (Wikipedia) Wikipedia
  5. The lexicographers' own definition and why usage exploded. blog.collinsdictionary.com Article Collins Word of the Year 2025: AI meets authenticity Collins Dictionary
  6. Two industry legends turn the vibe into a repeatable discipline. itrevolution.com Guide Vibe Coding: Building Production-Grade Software With GenAI (book) Gene Kim + Steve Yegge
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