What does co-founder vesting actually mean, and why do I need it even if we trust each other?
The short answer
Vesting means neither of you owns your shares outright on day one. You earn them over time, standard is 4 years with a 1-year cliff, so a co-founder who quits in month three walks away with nothing instead of a third of your company. This is not about distrust, it protects the person who stays. Put it in writing before you incorporate, because retrofitting vesting onto a co-founder who already 'owns' shares is a painful negotiation.
Go deeper, your way
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Why we picked it
This is the plain-English explainer that says the quiet part out loud: the 4-year schedule with a 1-year cliff exists so a co-founder who walks in month three walks away with nothing, and their unvested shares get reallocated to whoever keeps building. It names the exact standard (12-month cliff, then monthly vesting) without drowning you in legalese, and frames vesting as protection for the team, not a signal of distrust.
Why we picked it
The India-specific piece that tells you where the split actually gets signed. It separates the founders' agreement (equity, roles, IP, vesting between you) from the shareholders' agreement (your terms with investors), and stresses the timing that trips Indian founders up: get vesting in writing before shares are issued, because you cannot bolt it on retroactively once the cap table exists. It also breaks down good-leaver vs bad-leaver treatment, which is the clause that decides what a departing cofounder actually keeps.
Document cofounder equity and vesting at or before incorporation and before shares issue, since Indian law makes retroactive vesting nearly impossible without every founder consenting
The 4-year vest with 1-year cliff is standard in India too, with unvested shares forfeited to the company at nominal price in a bad-leaver exit
Negotiate clear, objective good-leaver vs bad-leaver criteria and ensure already-vested shares are retained regardless of how you exit
Why we picked it
Carta administers cap tables for tens of thousands of startups, so this is the canonical reference on how vesting actually mechanically works: the 1-year cliff, monthly vesting after it, and acceleration provisions. Their own data shows 92% of venture-backed companies put founders on vesting, which is the number to quote when a co-founder says 'we trust each other, we don't need this.' We could not fetch it live (Carta blocks automated requests with a 403), but the URL is the durable canonical page.
The 1-year cliff means zero equity vests until month 12, then 25% vests in one lump and the remainder vests monthly over the next 3 years.
Acceleration clauses (single vs double trigger) decide what happens to unvested shares on an acquisition, worth understanding before you sign a term sheet.
92% of venture-backed startups put founders on vesting, so it is the default expectation, not an edge case you are opting into.
